肝纤维化是肝脏受到慢性损伤后导致肝组织中形成胶原蛋白疤痕[1]。由不同的原因引起,例如代谢(功能障碍)相关肝病(MAFLD)、慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)和慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)或酒精性肝病(ALD)等。
肝纤维化进展导致肝硬化,这是一种肝脏结构严重破坏的情况,容易导致肝细胞癌的发生[2]。因此,通过非侵入性程序准确确定其严重程度。排除肝损伤原因后,纤维化会显著减少甚至好转[3],这评估了肝损伤严重程度以确定是否需要适当的治疗的重要性。今天我们来聊聊关于肝纤维化的相关知识,希望能够对你有所帮助!
图源:摄图网
(一)Siglec-7的作用
唾液酸结合免疫球蛋白样凝集素7(Siglec-7)是一种在人类自然杀伤 (NK)细胞、单核细胞和一小部分CD8+T细胞上表达的跨膜蛋白,在与其天然配体相互作用时传递抑制信号[4-6]。可以产生不同的Siglec-7变体,包括可在血清中检测到的可溶性异构体,并且与CHB和CHC期间的纤维化和炎症临床数据相关[7],并且与增加的肝硬化和急性肾损伤患者的住院死亡率[8]。
可溶性Siglec-7已被确为肝病患者晚期纤维化的独立标志物[9]。慢性丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染患者唾液酸结合凝集素7(sigec -7)蛋白显著升高,并与肝炎症和纤维化的临床参数直接相关[10]。
(二)肝纤维化的检测
肝活检仍然是评估肝纤维化的金标准。然而,这种侵入性的方法无法常规使用,在大多数临床中逐渐被非侵入性方法所取代。其中一种替代方法是瞬时弹性成像(TE),这是一种测量肝脏硬度的无创测试,可以用来确定肝纤维化的阶段[11-13]。
近年来,基于超声的瞬时弹性测定仪被广泛运用于脂肪肝和肝纤维化的早期诊断及定量评估。瞬时弹性测定是当前检测肝脏脂肪含量和肝纤维化的最好方法,甚至可被用于诊断脂肪性肝炎。
然而,在肥胖患者、肋间隙狭窄患者和腹水患者中,肝硬度测量(LSM)的评估质量会降低[14-17]。此外,肝脏炎症继发组织水肿、肝外胆汁淤积、膳食产生的被动充血和主动血流量也可进一步影响LSM。因此,评估肝纤维化的非侵入性工具不需要特定的仪器,可能有技术上的局限性,可以显著帮助临床管理。
这在丙肝根除后尤为重要,因为尽管有明确证据表明治愈后肝纤维化消退[18],但许多问题仍未解决,包括是否所有患者均出现纤维化消退,需要多长时间才能恢复,以及肝硬化消退是否降低了肝癌发生的风险。因此,使用直接的、无创的检测仔细监测HCV治愈后的肝纤维化是必须的。
图源:摄图网
一种能够更好地区分肝纤维化阶段的非侵入性检查可以帮助临床医生管理慢性肝病患者,提供治疗方法的有用信息。一些情况,如严重纤维化、酒精、糖尿病和脂肪肝,确实存在肝失代偿和肝细胞癌(HCC)的残余风险[19-20]。晚期肝纤维化或肝硬化在HCV治疗后缓解缓慢,因此存在持续的HCC风险。此外,治疗前发生的HCV相关的遗传和表观遗传变化在治愈后持续存在。
而间接血清学非侵入性检测,仅结合临床和生化变量,可能会受到共病或与基础肝病无关的疾病(如高胆红素血症、血小板减少症)的影响,从而影响其对纤维化分期的诊断准确性,直接无创检测的发展由于其配方中包含特定的血清分子而表现出更好的性能
(三)如何评估CHC患者是否处于纤维化阶段?[21-24]
(1)增强肝纤维化(ELF)评分
(2)纤维检测
(3)纤维测量仪检测
(4)纤维spect Ⅱ检测
(5)Hepascore
图源:摄图网
其中大部分是细胞外基质的降解产物,如透明质酸、前胶原3n端肽、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1等,即直接的非侵入性检测,在临床实践中不易量化。
对于大多数血清学标志物,中期纤维化的诊断准确性仍不理想。事实上,尽管这些测试可能有用,但所有这些测试都需要一些通常无法获得的参数。与那些相比,SiGAP需要比较的变量更少。
因此,SiGAP成为评估肝纤维化的一种更容易的检测方法。在慢性乙型肝炎患者中,血清sigec -7单独与APRI和FIB-4值相关,在获得病毒抑制的患者中,这些值显著降低,因此可以推断SiGAP在CHB中也可能表现良好。
(四)总结
综上所述,CHC中可溶性sigec-7与纤维化有一定的相关性,但其作为预测纤维化的单一指标的临床价值并不优于APRI和FIB-4。然而,当结合年龄、GGT和血小板对SiGAP评分的贡献时,与其他无创纤维化标志物相比,sigec-7在所有纤维化阶段都提供了诊断依据[25]。
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